Table of Contents

1 Building Broadband

1.1 Introduction

1.2 What is Broadband?

1.2.1 Broadband as an Enabling Platform

1.2.2 Broadband in Terms of Speed, Functionality and Technology

1.3 Why Broadband?

1.3.1 Positive Impacts of Broadband

1.3.2 Impact of Broadband on Gross Domestic Product

1.3.3 Broadband, Employment and Job Creation

1.3.4 Broadband as a General Purpose Technology

1.4 Market Trends

1.4.1 Trends in Supply

1.4.2 Trends in Demand

1.5 Promoting Broadband

1.5.1 Broadband Ecosystem: Framework for Deployment and Adoption

1.5.2 Lessons and Principles from Broadband Experience

2 Policy Approaches

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Defining the Challenges: Barriers to Broadband Growth

2.1.1.1 Supply: Reaching Unserved and Underserved Users

2.1.1.2 Demand: Lowering the Barriers to Adoption

2.1.2 Developing Country-Specific Solutions

2.2 The Role of Government

2.2.1 General Approaches to Promoting Broadband

2.2.1.1 Establish Specific Plans and Policies

2.2.1.2 Allow Ample Opportunity for Stakeholder Input on Plans and Policies

2.2.1.3 Recognize and Take into Account That Implementation of the Plan Will Take Time and Persistence

2.2.1.4 Develop Research Mechanisms to Track Progress of the Plan

2.2.2 Provide a National Focal Point for Broadband and Develop Broadband Capacity

2.2.3 Develop Policies for Both Sides of the Broadband Coin: Supply and Demand

2.2.4 Build Infrastructure: Promoting the Supply of Broadband

2.2.4.1 Use Competition to Promote Market Growth

2.2.4.2 Develop Enabling Policies to Eliminate Bottlenecks in the Broadband Supply Chain

2.2.4.3 Promote Effective Competition and Encourage Investment

2.2.4.4 Access to Infrastructure

2.2.4.5 Infrastructure Sharing

2.2.4.6 Access to Rights-of-Way

2.2.4.7 Accounting and Functional Separation

2.2.5 Encourage the Adoption of Broadband: Promoting Demand

2.2.6 Consider Other Sectors of the Economy and Society

2.3 How To Do It

2.3.1 Government Support to Enhance Private Investment

2.3.2 Fiscal Support to Facilitate Broadband

2.3.2.1 Economic Justification of Fiscal Support

2.3.2.2 Types of Fiscal Support

2.3.2.3 Comparing Alternative Instruments

2.4 Money Matters

2.4.2 Why Measure Performance?

2.4.3 What to Measure?

2.4.3.1 Availability (Supply)

2.4.3.2 Adoption (Demand)

2.4.3.3 Quality

2.4.3.4 Pricing

2.4.4 How to Measure?

2.5 Checking Progress

3 Law & Regulation

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Licensing and Authorization Frameworks

3.2.1 Technology and Service Neutrality

3.2.2 New Authorization Options and Their Implications for Broadband

3.2.2.1 Unified or General Authorizations

3.2.2.2 Multiservice Authorizations

3.3 Spectrum Management

3.3.1 Spectrum Licensing Regimes

3.3.2 Flexible-Use Technical and Service Rules

3.3.3 Spectrum Allocation and Assignment

3.3.4 Spectrum License Renewal

3.3.4.1 Principle and Procedure for Renewal

3.3.4.2 Change in License Conditions and Review of License Fees

3.3.5 License-Exempt (Unlicensed) Spectrum

3.3.6 Spectrum Refarming and the Digital Dividend

3.4 IP-Based Interconnection

3.4.1 Internet Interconnection and IXPs in Developing Countries

3.4.2 IP-Based Interconnection: Wholesale Charging Arrangements

3.4.3 Current Wholesale Charging Arrangements

3.4.4 Future Charging Mechanisms

3.5 Access to Infrastructure

3.5.1 The Regulation versus Investment Debate

3.5.2 Regulating Bottlenecks in the Broadband Supply Chain

3.5.2.1 International Connectivity

3.5.2.2 Domestic Backbone

3.5.2.3 Metropolitan Connectivity

3.5.2.4 Local Connectivity

3.5.3 Infrastructure Sharing

3.5.4 Opening Vertically Integrated Markets

3.5.4.1 Benefits and Costs of Vertical Integration

3.5.4.2 Remedies to Anticompetitive Conduct by a Vertically Integrated Operator

3.5.4.2.1 Accounting Separation

3.5.4.2.2 Functional Separation

3.5.4.2.3 Structural Separation

3.6 Network Neutrality

3.6.1 Goals of Net Neutrality Regulation

3.6.2 Regulatory Approaches

3.6.3 Distinction between Wireline and Mobile Broadband Services

3.7 Security in Cyberspace

3.7.1 Data Protection

3.7.2 Security of Critical Information Infrastructure

3.7.3 Cyber Crime

3.7.4 Cyber Security and the Need for International Coordination

3.8 Privacy and Data Protection

3.8.1 Scope of Privacy and Data Protection in a Broadband Environment

3.8.1.1 Informed Consent

3.8.1.2 Privacy by Design

3.8.1.3 Broadband and the Scope of Personal Data

3.8.1.4 Increased Transparency in Data Collection

3.8.2 Awareness Raising

3.8.3 International Enforcement and Policy Cooperation

3.9 Content over Broadband

3.9.1 Freedom of Opinion and Expression

3.9.2 Regulating Specific Forms of Content

3.9.3 Intellectual Property Rights

4 Universal Access

4.1 Introduction

4.2.1 Levels of Access

4.2.1.1 Individual Users and Households

4.2.1.2 Communal and Institutional Access

4.2.2 Universal Broadband Targets within the Broadband Strategy

4.3.1 Government Intervention

4.3.2 Improve the Legal, Regulatory, and Business Environments

4.3.2.1 Address Universal Access and Service Challenges through Policy and Regulatory Solutions

4.3.2.2 Revise the Scope of Universal Access and Service to Include Broadband

4.3.3 Support Private Sector Network Build-Out: Supply

4.4 Fiscal Support

4.4.1 Subsidies as an Instrument of Fiscal Support

4.4.1.1 The Rationale for Subsidies

4.4.1.2 Good Subsidy Practice

4.4.1.3 Competition for Subsidies

4.4.1.4 Success Factors of Competition for Subsidies

4.4.2 Sources of Funds to Support Broadband Development

4.4.2.1 Government Programs

4.4.2.2 Mandatory Contributions

4.4.2.3 International Loans, Credits, and Grants

4.4.3 Universal Access and Service Funds for Broadband Development

4.4.4 Best Practices for Effective Management of Flow of Funds

4.4.5 Reviewing the Flow of Funds

5 Infrastructure Technologies

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Overview of Broadband Networks

5.2.1 The Broadband Supply Chain

5.2.2 The Transition to All-IP Networks

5.3 Technologies for Backbone Connectivity

5.3.1 Fiber Optic

5.3.2 Satellite

5.3.3 Microwave

5.3.4 Copper

5.4 International Connectivity

5.4.1 International Links

5.4.2 Internet Links

5.4.3 Implementation Issues for International Connectivity

5.5 Domestic Backbone

5.5.1 National Links

5.5.2 Internet Exchanges

5.5.3 Implementation Issues for Domestic Backbone Networks

5.6 Metropolitan Connectivity

5.6.1 Regional and Metropolitan Links

5.6.2 Implementation Issues for Metropolitan Connectivity

5.7 Local Connectivity

5.7.1 Wireline Access Technologies

5.7.1.1 Digital Subscriber Line

5.7.1.2 Cable Modem

5.7.1.3 Fiber to the Premises

5.7.1.4 Other Wireline Broadband

5.7.2 Wireless Access Technologies

5.7.2.1 Early Wireless Broadband Standards

5.7.2.2 IMT-2000

5.7.2.3 IMT-Advanced

5.7.2.4 Wi-Fi

5.7.2.5 Satellite

5.7.2.6 Local Loop Unbundling

5.7.2.7 Quality of Service

5.7.2.8 Spectrum

6 Driving Demand

6.1 Introduction

6.2.1 Basic Digital Literacy

6.2.1.1 Digital Literacy through Education

6.2.1.2 Community Access Centers

6.2.1.3 Advanced ICT Training

6.2.2 Privacy and Security Concerns

6.2.3 Small and Medium Enterprises

6.3 Affordability

6.3.1 Device Ownership

6.3.1.1 Personal Computers, Laptops, and Netbooks

6.3.1.2 Mobile Devices, Smartphones, and Tablets

6.3.2 Service Costs

6.3.3 Shared or Community Access

6.4 Attractiveness

6.4.1 Services to Drive Broadband Demand

6.4.1.1 Internet

6.4.1.2 Voice

6.4.1.3 Video

6.4.1.4 Bundling

6.4.1.5 Government

6.4.1.6 Health

6.4.1.7 Financial Services

6.4.2 Applications to Drive Broadband Demand

6.4.2.1 Social Media and Web 2.0

6.4.2.2 Social Networking

6.4.2.3 Social Collaboration: Wikis, Mashups, and Crowdsourcing

6.4.2.4 Collaborative Working Tools for Businesses and Institutions

6.4.2.5 Education and Web 2.0

6.4.3 Content to Drive Broadband Demand

6.4.3.1 Promoting Digital Content

6.4.3.2 Promoting Local Content

7 Global Footprints

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Global Goals

7.3 Bottlenecks & Opportunities

7.3.1 Infrastructure Considerations for Developing Countries

7.3.2 Fostering Broadband Development Through Greater Competition

7.3.3 Fostering Broadband Development Through Demand Policies

7.4 Regional Developments

7.4.1 East Asia and the Pacific

7.4.2 Europe and Central Asia

7.4.3 Latin America & the Caribbean

7.4.4 Middle East and North Africa

7.4.5 South Asia

7.4.6 Sub-Saharan Africa

7.5 Countries in Special Circumstances

7.5.1 Least Developed Countries (LDCs)

7.5.2 Landlocked developing countries (LLDCs)

7.5.3 Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

7.5.4 Post-conflict countries

7.6 Broadband Experiences in Selected Countries

7.6.1 Brazil: A Multipronged Public Sector Approach to Digital Inclusion

7.6.2 Kenya: Build it and they will come

7.6.3 Morocco: The benefits of disruption

7.6.4 Saint Kitts and Nevis: Strength in Depth

7.6.5 Sri Lanka: Glass half full or half empty?

7.6.6 Turkey: Compared to what?

7.6.7 Vietnam: Minimizing disparity and ensuring sustainability